Laboratory tests. What tests are performed during pregnancy?

What are the standard laboratory tests that should be performed during pregnancy worldwide, how are they performed and for what purpose?

Each woman and her body is unique, so each woman needs an individual approach, the obstetrician and the doctor prescribe the tests required locally and are responsible for their appointments. Also, the set of tests depends on the cultural peculiarities of the country, and its capabilities. Therefore, Brazil is one of the leading countries in the world in terms of the culture of childbirth, and therefore the clinics in Florianopoli with which we cooperate adhere to this list of tests.

Pregnancy test

A pregnancy test is a simple and important procedure that helps determine if a woman is pregnant.

How is a pregnancy test performed?

Types of tests:

A home pregnancy test. Usually a test strip that you can buy at a pharmacy. It checks the level of chorionic gonadotropin hormone (hCG) in your urine.
Blood test. Conducted at a health care facility. Determines hCG in the blood and can give a more accurate result.

Procedure:
- Home Test:
  - The woman urinates into a clean cup or directly onto the test strip.
  - Waits a few minutes for results.
- Blood work:
  - The doctor takes a blood sample from a vein.
  - The sample is sent to a laboratory for analysis and the results are usually ready in a few hours or days.

What does the pregnancy test say?

Pregnancy Determination. The test detects the presence of hCG, which is produced when a fertilized egg implants in the uterus. If the hCG level is positive, it indicates that the woman is pregnant.
Early detection. A pregnancy test can show results as early as a few days after your period is delayed, or even earlier if sensitive tests are used.
Planning for further action. After receiving a positive result, a woman can begin to plan further actions, including visits to the doctor for medical follow-up, pregnancy counseling and preparation for delivery.
Establishing the health of the pregnancy. Blood tests can also help track hCG levels, allowing doctors to assess the health of the pregnant woman and fetus.

Regardless of the test result, it is always better to consult a doctor to confirm pregnancy and get advice on how to proceed.

Ultrasonography

Ultrasonography (ultrasonography) is a safe and non-invasive imaging technique that is widely used during pregnancy to evaluate the fetus and mother. Here are the main aspects of how ultrasound is performed and its benefits:

How is the ultrasound performed?

Preparation

Only early ultrasound usually requires special preparation. In some cases, it may be recommended to drink water before the examination to fill the bladder and improve visualization.

Procedure

The pregnant woman lies down on a couch and a special gel is applied to the abdomen to help improve contact between the transducer and the skin.

The doctor or ultrasound technician uses a transducer that emits high-frequency sound waves. These waves are reflected off tissues and structures and an image is formed and displayed on a screen.

Types of ultrasound:

Transvaginal ultrasound. Can be used in early pregnancy for clearer visualization.
Transabdominal ultrasound. It is done through the abdomen and is most often used later in pregnancy.

What does an ultrasound during pregnancy give?

Determination of gestational age. Ultrasound helps to determine the exact gestational age of the pregnancy, which is important for planning and managing obstetrics.
Fetal Development Assessment. Allows specialists to check whether the fetus is developing properly, is the right size, and is on track with its due date.
Visualization of anatomy. Ultrasound helps to identify the anatomical features of the fetus and the presence of possible anomalies.
Determining the number of fetuses. To find out if a woman is pregnant with twins or triplets.
Monitoring the health of the mother. Ultrasound helps to detect possible problems such as placental abruption or other complications.
Determining the position of the fetus. Later in pregnancy, ultrasound can help determine how the fetus is positioned (head down or transverse), which can affect the way the baby is delivered.
Emotional aspect. Ultrasound also gives expectant parents the opportunity to see their baby on the screen, which can be a very touching moment.

Ultrasonography is an important tool in prenatal diagnosis and helps to ensure the health of both mother and child. Ultrasound should always be trusted to be performed by a qualified technician in order to obtain the most reliable results possible.

Urinalysis

Urinalysis during pregnancy is an important procedure that helps monitor the health of both the mother and the fetus. Here are the main aspects of the test and the results it can show.

How is urinalysis performed?

Preparation

You usually do not need any special preparation. But it is important to take care of hygiene before collecting the sample.

Sample collection

The urine sample is usually collected in the morning as this helps to obtain a more concentrated sample. It is recommended to use a clean urine collection container. In our clinics, special tubes are provided for urine collection.

Delivery to the laboratory

After collection, the sample is immediately taken to the laboratory for analysis to avoid changes in its composition.

What the urinalysis determines:

Protein. The presence of protein can indicate problems such as pre-eclampsia, a condition characterized by high blood pressure.
Glucose. The presence of glucose may indicate gestational diabetes. This condition requires additional monitoring.
Ketones. The appearance of ketones may indicate starvation, dehydration, or diabetes.
Leukocytes and red blood cells. Their presence may indicate urinary tract infections or kidney problems.
pH and density. These values help to assess the general condition of the body and kidney function.
1. What does this analysis tell us?

Early detection of disease. Allows you to identify potential problems that could affect the health of the mother and fetus.
Health Monitoring. Helps you track your health throughout your pregnancy.
Treatment decision-making. The results of the analysis may indicate the need for further research or interventions.

Urinalysis is a simple but important tool in the care of pregnant women. It helps detect and prevent complications, which is critical to the health of both mother and baby.

Blood test

Blood testing during pregnancy is an important procedure that helps doctors monitor the health of both mother and baby.

How is the blood test performed?

Preparation. Usually, blood tests do not require special preparation, but doctors may recommend that they be done on an empty stomach, especially if certain indicators are tested.
Blood draw. The specialist uses a sterile needle to draw a blood sample from a vein, most often from the inside of the elbow. The procedure takes only a few minutes and is usually painless, although you may feel a slight tingling sensation.
Laboratory testing. After the blood is drawn, the sample is sent to a laboratory where various tests are performed to determine hormones, blood cells, and other indicators.

What does the blood test find out?

Blood types and Rh factor. Determining your blood type and Rh factor is important for a safe pregnancy and delivery.
Hemoglobin level. This helps to detect anemia, which is especially important for the mother and her baby.
Indicators of infections. Testing for infections such as HIV, hepatitis B and C, and syphilis can help prevent mother-to-child transmission.
General health indicators. Testing may include checking glucose levels, electrolytes, and other important components to help assess overall health.
Hormones. Studying levels of hormones such as hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin) can show normal pregnancy development.

Benefits of blood tests

Early detection of problems. Allows you to identify possible problems at an early stage and start treatment.
Maternal and fetal health monitoring. Helps to monitor the health of both mother and baby throughout the pregnancy.
Risk Management. Allows you to assess your risks and prepare for childbirth if necessary.

Blood tests are an important tool for maintaining health during pregnancy and ensuring a safe and healthy process for mother and baby.

Culture of group B streptococcus

A culture test for group B streptococcus (Streptococcus agalactiae) is an important test during the pregnancy.

How is the analysis done?

Specimen collection. A swab from the vagina and/or rectum is usually taken for analysis. This can be done at your doctor's or midwife's office.
Laboratory tests. The obtained sample is placed on a special medium for bacterial growth. If Streptococcus agalactiae is present, it will begin to grow within 24-48 hours.
Interpretation of results. If the test is positive, it means that the bacterium has been detected. The doctor will discuss further actions with the woman.

What's the analysis?

Risk determination. If a pregnant woman is found to have group B streptococcus, this may increase the risk of transmission to the newborn during labor. This test can assess the need for preventive treatment.
Prevention of complications. If a woman has a positive result, she may be given antibiotics during labor to reduce the risk of passing the infection to the baby, which helps prevent serious complications such as neonatal infections.
Birth safety. By doing so, the test improves safety for both mother and child, allowing doctors to prepare in advance and provide appropriate treatment.

Recommendations

The test is usually done between 35 and 37 weeks of pregnancy. All pregnant women should have this test, even if they have no symptoms of infection, because group B streptococcus may not show up clearly.

Regular checkups and testing help ensure the health of both mother and baby during pregnancy.

HIV/AIDS

HIV/AIDS testing during pregnancy is an important procedure that helps ensure the health of both mother and baby.

Highlights on how this analysis is done and the benefits it provides:

How is the analysis done?

Type of analysis

A test for HIV antibodies is usually used. This can be either a rapid test, which gives results in a short time, or a laboratory test from blood.

Procedures

Blood is usually drawn from a vein. In some cases, capillary blood, such as from a finger, may be used. The sample is sent to a laboratory to be tested for HIV antibodies.

When is it being held?

HIV testing is usually recommended in the first half of pregnancy. In some countries, it is offered again in the second or third trimester, especially for women at high risk of infection.

What's the analysis?

Early detection. If HIV positive, early detection allows treatment to begin, which significantly reduces the risk of mother-to-child transmission.
Prevention of transmission. If a woman is HIV-positive, there are effective methods and medicines that can reduce the chance of transmission to the baby before and after delivery.
Health care. The results of the test help doctors plan further treatment and care for the pregnant woman, taking into account her condition.
Psychological support. Once convinced of their results, women can receive appropriate psychological and medical support.

HIV/AIDS testing is an important step in ensuring the health of mother and child. If you still have questions or concerns, it is always a good idea to discuss them with your doctor. This will help you better understand the process and its importance.

Rubella

Rubella (or rubella) testing during pregnancy is an important part of prenatal monitoring.

How is the analysis done?

1.Type of test. A rubella test is usually performed using a serologic test that determines the presence of antibodies to the rubella virus in the blood. This can be an IgG and IgM assay.

IgG. Indicates the presence of immunity following an infection or vaccination.
IgM. Indicates a current infection.

2. Procedure

A venous blood sample is taken for analysis.
The procedure is usually performed in a laboratory or outpatient clinic and requires no special training.

3. Timing. The test is often included in standard prenatal screenings and can be performed early in pregnancy, especially if the woman has no history of vaccination or is unsure of her immunity.

What's the analysis?

Immunity determination. The test allows you to find out if a pregnant woman is immune to rubella. If the results show the presence of IgG antibodies, it means that the woman is protected and the risk of infection is low.
Risks to the fetus. If a pregnant woman is not immune and contracts rubella, it can lead to serious complications and birth defects in the baby, including: Deafness, Uchwaldic heart defects, Delayed development, and a number of other neonatal complications.
Vaccination. If a woman is not immune, she may be advised to get vaccinated against rubella. However, this should be done after pregnancy because the vaccine is live and can be dangerous to the fetus.

Rubella testing is an important step to ensure the health of both mother and child. Regular prenatal checkups and tests can help detect possible risks and prevent complications.

Blood type

Blood type testing during pregnancy is important for several reasons. Let's take a closer look at how it is performed and what benefits it provides.

How is the blood typing test performed?

Collection of a blood sample:

The test is usually done by taking a blood sample from a vein (venipuncture) or from a finger (puncture test).

The procedure is quick and virtually painless.

Laboratory study:

The resulting sample is sent to a laboratory where the blood type (A, B, AB or O) and Rh factor (positive or negative) are determined.

What does a blood typing test give during pregnancy?

Blood type determination:

Knowing your blood type can be considered important for the medical care of the pregnant woman and child.

1.Rhesus conflict

If the mother is Rh-negative and the baby is Rh-positive, a Rh conflict can occur. This can lead to serious complications such as hemolytic disease in the newborn.

If a Rh conflict is detected, the doctor may prescribe additional tests and therapy.

2. Childbirth planning and medical care

Knowing your partner's blood type can also be helpful. In an emergency, you may need a blood transfusion.

Doctors will be better able to prepare the birth and provide the necessary medical care.

General recommendations

The analysis helps in assessing the overall health of the mother and identifying possible risks.

Blood typing tests are a standard procedure during pregnancy and play an important role in the safety and health of both mother and child. If you have any questions or concerns, it is always best to discuss them with your doctor.

Hepatitis B

Hepatitis B (HBV) testing during pregnancy is important for the health of both mother and baby.

The main aspects of this analysis are:

How is the analysis done?

Blood for analysis. Blood is drawn from a vein. The procedure is simple and safe.
Types of tests:

HBsAg (hepatitis B antigen). Determines the presence of the virus in the blood. If the test is positive, it means the woman is infected.
Anti-HBs (antibodies to HBsAg). Indicates the presence of antibodies, i.e. that the body has already dealt with the infection or has been vaccinated.
Anti-HBc (antibodies to nuclear antigen). Helps determine if there has been a past infection.

Interpretation of results:

HBsAg positive. Indicates an active infection.
Negative. Means the woman is not infected with hepatitis B.

What the test gives during pregnancy:

Risk assessment for the baby. If the mother is infected, there is a risk of passing the virus to the baby at birth. Knowing the status helps to develop a plan to minimize this risk.
Early medical attention. A positive result may lead to additional tests and treatment for the mother. This can help prevent complications during pregnancy and childbirth.
Prevention of transmission. If the mother is infected, the newborn may be immunized against hepatitis B within the first 12 hours after birth and given a special immunoglobulin.
Health management. This allows health care providers to plan in advance for necessary medical follow-up and interventions for mother and child.

Hepatitis B testing is standard practice during pregnancy and is recommended by the World Health Organization to protect the health of mother and child.

General blood test

A general blood test (GBC) is an important diagnostic test that is performed during pregnancy to assess a woman's overall health and identify possible problems. Here is how it is performed and what it can give:

Analyzing

Blood Collection. The test is done by taking a blood sample, usually from a vein in your arm. The procedure is quick and usually takes only a few minutes.
Preparation. No special preparation for the test is required, but sometimes it is recommended not to eat 8-12 hours before the blood draw.
Sample Processing. The blood is sent to a laboratory where it is analyzed using various methods.

What does a general blood test show?

The OAC includes an assessment of several key indicators:

Hemoglobin (Hb). Hemoglobin levels help determine the presence of anemia, which can be especially important during pregnancy when iron requirements increase.
Red blood cell count. Measures how efficiently the blood carries oxygen.
Leukocytes. Their number indicates the presence of infections or inflammation.
Platelets. Evaluated to monitor the blood's ability to clot, which is especially important during pregnancy.
Hematocrit. The percentage ratio of blood cell volume to total blood volume.

Importance of the analysis

Detection of anemia. Pregnant women are often prone to anemia, and OAC helps detect this condition early.
Infection Control. An increased white blood cell count may indicate an infection that requires immediate attention.
A general health assessment. Helps identify possible problems that could affect the pregnancy or the health of the fetus.
Monitoring changes. OAC can be done several times during pregnancy to monitor changes in blood counts.

A general blood test is an important tool to help ensure the health of both mother and child during pregnancy. Regular checks help to identify potential problems and take necessary measures in time.

Amniocentesis

Amniocentesis is a medical procedure that is performed during pregnancy to obtain a sample of the amniotic fluid surrounding the fetus. This test provides important information about the baby's health and development.

Consider how amniocentesis is performed and what it can provide.

How is amniocentesis performed?

Preparation:

The procedure is usually performed after the 15th week of pregnancy, when there is enough amniotic fluid for safe sampling. An ultrasound may be recommended before the procedure to confirm fetal positioning and fluid levels.

Process:

The doctor cleans the abdomen and performs local anesthesia to reduce discomfort.

A thin needle is used to take a sample of amniotic fluid through the abdominal wall and uterus. The procedure usually takes 10-15 minutes.

The needle is inserted under ultrasound guidance to avoid damage to the fetus or umbilical cord.

Post-procedure:

The woman may remain under observation for a short time after the procedure.

It is usually recommended to avoid strenuous physical activity for a few days.

What does amniocentesis give?

Genetic testing. Amniocentesis can detect chromosomal abnormalities such as Down syndrome and other genetic disorders by analyzing fetal DNA.
Fetal Assessment. The procedure helps determine the level of proteins that may indicate fetal disease or risk of preterm labor.
Infections. The test can help detect infections, such as viral or bacterial infections.
Treatment. In some cases, amniocentesis may be used for treatment, such as to remove excess fluid in cases of fetal hydrops.

Risks

Although amniocentesis is generally safe, there are some risks, including:

Small risk of miscarriage (1 to 2%).
Infection.
Damage to the fetus or umbilical cord (very rare).

Amniocentesis is an important procedure that can provide valuable information about the health of the fetus and help parents better prepare for childbirth. If you are offered an amniocentesis, be sure to discuss the pros and cons of the procedure with your doctor.

Blood pressure

Blood pressure (BP) testing during pregnancy is an important procedure that helps monitor the health of both the mom-to-be and her baby.

How is blood pressure testing done?

Making a diagnosis. Usually, a BP measurement is done at every visit to the doctor or obstetrician. It can be done in the doctor's office or at home (if the woman has a blood pressure monitor).
Methods of measurement. Can be an Automatic Tonometer (Modern devices that make measuring quick and easy) or a Mechanical Tonometer using a cuff and a stethoscope to listen to the sound of the pulse as air comes out of the cuff.
Measurement conditions. The measurement is best done in a calm environment, with the woman sitting still for a few minutes, so that the results are accurate.

What does a blood pressure test during pregnancy give?

Health monitoring. Assessing BP helps identify potential problems, such as hypertension (high blood pressure) or hypotension (low blood pressure), that may affect the health of the mother and baby.
Recognizing pre-eclampsia. An increase in blood pressure can be a sign of pre-eclampsia, a serious condition that affects pregnancy and requires immediate intervention.
Risk Assessment. Regular BP measurements help your doctor assess possible risks to the mother and baby and determine if more frequent monitoring or additional tests are needed.
Monitoring dynamics. Comparison of data during pregnancy allows you to track changes and take the necessary measures if the indicators are out of the norm.

Recommendations:

It is important for moms-to-be to monitor their blood pressure and see a doctor regularly if necessary.

A healthy diet, physical activity and stress control can also help normalize blood pressure.

Communication with your doctor and regular check-ups are key to a healthy pregnancy!

Glucose screening

Glucose screening is an important medical test that helps determine if a pregnant woman is at risk of developing gestational diabetes. This test is usually done between 24 and 28 weeks of pregnancy. Here's how the process is done and what results it can provide.

How is glucose screening performed?

Preparation. Usually no special preparation is required, but sometimes it may be recommended to abstain from food 8-14 hours before the test.
Solution intake. The woman is asked to drink a sweet glucose solution (usually 50 g glucose dissolved in water) for 5 minutes.
Measuring glucose levels. A sample is taken 1 hour after taking the blood solution to measure the blood glucose level.
Additional tests. If the test result is high (usually above 140 mg/dL or 7.8 mmol/L), a more complete evaluation (glucose tolerance test), which involves a longer process with several blood draws, may be needed.

What does glucose screening give?

Early detection of gestational diabetes. This test helps determine if a woman is at risk of developing gestational diabetes, which is important for the health of both mother and baby.
Prevention of complications. Early detection of gestational diabetes can avoid complications for mother and child, such as premature labor, high birth trauma and metabolic disorders in the newborn.
Management of the condition. If gestational diabetes is detected, your doctor will be able to develop a treatment plan, which may include changes in diet, physical activity and, if necessary, medical intervention.

Glucose screening is an important step in ensuring the health of a pregnant woman and her baby. Regular screening and following all doctor's recommendations helps to reduce risks and has a positive impact on the course of pregnancy.

Genetic testing

Genetic testing during pregnancy is an important step that can provide information about genetic risks and conditions related to fetal development.

How is genetic testing done?

Pre-test counseling. Before being tested, expectant parents can meet with a geneticist to discuss risks and possible testing methods.
Screening tests. There are different types of tests:
- Non-invasive prenatal tests (NIPT). These tests analyze fetal DNA in the mother's blood. They are usually administered from 10 weeks of pregnancy.
- Invasive tests. For example, amniocentesis or chorionic biopsy, which require taking cell samples from the amniotic fluid or placenta. These tests are usually done later in the pregnancy and may have a low risk of complications.
Sample Analysis. The samples obtained are analyzed in the laboratory for chromosomal abnormalities such as Down syndrome, Edwards syndrome, and other genetic disorders.

What genetic testing does

Risk assessment. The test can help you learn about the risks of inherited diseases, which is important for planning further action.
Informed decision making. Fetal data can help parents make informed decisions about pregnancy.
Psychological support: Knowing about fetal health can reduce parental anxiety and help cope with uncertainty.
Birth preparation. If the test identifies potential problems, parents can prepare for delivery and care for their newborn with the newborn's needs in mind.
Medical interventions. In some cases, test results may allow you to pre-plan treatment or interventions immediately after birth.

Genetic testing can be a meaningful tool for understanding fetal health. However, each case is unique and it is important to discuss all aspects of testing with a medical professional.

Child's height

A baby growth test during pregnancy is performed to evaluate the proper development of the fetus and its health. This analysis involves several methods and procedures. Here are the main aspects:

How a child's growth is analyzed

Ultrasound (ultrasound)

Ultrasound is one of the most common methods for assessing fetal growth and development.
The doctor measures fetal measurements, including head circumference, hip length, and abdominal volume.
Ultrasound may be performed several times during pregnancy, especially in the second and third trimesters.

Standards-based growth assessment

The measurements obtained are compared with the growth norms for this period of pregnancy, which are known through medical data.
If the size is within the normal range, it indicates proper development.

Heartbeat monitoring

The fetal heartbeat may be monitored in parallel with the ultrasound, which is also important for assessing fetal health.

Gynecological examinations

During regular mammograms and exams, your doctor can evaluate changes in your uterus and determine if the size of your uterus is appropriate for your pregnancy.

What does a growth analysis of a child give:

Fetal Health Assessment. The test can detect possible problems, such as slow growth, which may indicate a lack of nutrition or oxygen.
Determination of gestational age. An ultrasound scan allows you to determine your gestational age more accurately, which can be important for planning your delivery.
Anomaly detection. The test helps to detect possible anomalies or abnormalities in fetal development at an early stage.
Support for the mom-to-be. Regular check-ups and tests help pregnant women feel confident and less worried about the health of their baby.

Analyzing a baby's growth is an important part of prenatal care that helps monitor fetal development and provides emotional peace of mind for expectant parents.

>Rhesus immunoglobulin

The Rhesus immunoglobulin test (commonly called the Rhesus factor test) is important for assessing the Rh incompatibility of mother and fetus. Here are the basics about what this test is, how it is done, and why it is needed.

What is the Rhesus factor?

Rhesus factor is a protein that can be found on the surface of red blood cells. If a person has it, he or she is considered Rh-positive (Rh+); if not, he or she is considered Rh-negative (Rh-).

Why is this important during pregnancy?

If the mother is Rh negative and the fetus is Rh positive (which can happen if the baby's father is Rh positive), there is a risk of Rh conflict, which can lead to serious complications, including hemolyticism in the newborn.

How is the Rhesus factor analysis performed?

Blood test. A blood test for Rhesus factor is usually done from a vein or finger.
Laboratory test. Blood is analyzed in a laboratory for the presence of the Rhesus factor.

What does the Rhesus factor test give?

Rhesus Status Determination. Determines whether the mother is Rh-positive or Rh-negative.
Assessing the need for treatment. If the mother is Rh-negative and has a Rh-positive partner, doctors may prescribe prophylactic treatment (such as administration of Rh immunoglobulin) to prevent Rh conflict.

Significance for further management of pregnancy:

If the mother is Rh negative, she may be monitored more closely to prevent possible complications.
In cases of Rh conflict, additional testing and treatment are required to ensure the health of both mother and child.

Rhesus immunoglobulin testing is a key component of prenatal care, and the doctor will be sure to discuss the test results with the pregnant woman, explaining all the necessary steps to ensure safety and health throughout the pregnancy.

Ultrasound during pregnancy

An ultrasound (sonogram) is an important procedure during pregnancy that helps assess the health of the mother and fetus.

How is an ultrasound performed during pregnancy?

Preparation. In most cases, no additional preparation is needed. Sometimes it may be necessary to fill your bladder for better imaging.
Procedure:
- Gel application. A special gel is applied to the woman's abdomen to help improve the conduction of ultrasound waves.
- Use of a transducer. The doctor passes a special transducer over the abdomen that emits sound waves. These waves reflect off tissues and organs, creating an image on the screen.
- Visualization. During the study, you can see images of the fetus, organs, and assess the development and condition of the uterus.
Duration. The procedure usually takes 15 to 30 minutes.

What does an ultrasound during pregnancy give?

Assessment of fetal development. Determines fetal age, size, and weight. Helps to detect developmental abnormalities.
Heartbeat check. The ultrasound scan allows you to hear and evaluate the fetal heartbeat, which is an important indicator of fetal health.
Placenta location. Helps to determine if the placenta is properly positioned, which is important to reduce risks during labor.
Detection of multiple pregnancies. Determines whether there is one or more fetuses, which affects the planning of labor and care.
Monitoring the mother's condition. An ultrasound can help detect problems with the uterus or other organs that may affect the pregnancy.
Determining the sex of the fetus. It is sometimes possible to determine the sex of the baby at a later stage if it is of interest to the parents-to-be.

Ultrasound frequency

Usually, ultrasounds are performed 2-3 times throughout the pregnancy: in the first trimester to confirm pregnancy and determine the due date, in the second trimester to assess development and in the third trimester to check the fetus and prepare for delivery.

Ultrasound is a safe method that does not use radiation and is considered an important part of prenatal care.

Anatomical scan

An anatomical scan (or ultrasound) during pregnancy is an important diagnostic method that provides information about the fetus and the mother's health. It is usually performed in the second trimester, around the 20th week of pregnancy.

How is an anatomical scan performed?

Preparation. Usually no special preparation is required, but it may be recommended to drink water before the exam to improve visibility.
Process:
- The woman lies down on a special table.
- A gel is applied to the abdomen to help the ultrasound waves conduct better.
- The doctor uses an ultrasound transducer to take images of the fetus. The transducer transmits sound that bounces off tissues and organs to create an image on the screen.
Duration. The study usually lasts from 30 minutes to 1 hour, depending on the complexity and purpose of the examination.

What does an anatomical scan do?

Assessment of fetal anatomy. Allows you to evaluate the structure and development of all major organs and systems of the fetus: heart, lungs, kidneys, brain, etc.
Gestational age determination. Helps you determine your gestational age and expected delivery date.
Anomaly Detection. Detects possible malformations or abnormalities in fetal development.
Assessment of the placenta and amniotic fluid. Helps assess how the placenta and amniotic fluid are functioning, which is critical to the health of the fetus.
Determining the sex of the baby. It is usually possible to determine the sex of the future child at this stage (if it is important to the parents).
General health of the mother. The doctor may also assess some aspects of the mother's health related to the pregnancy.

An anatomical scan is an important step in pregnancy monitoring that helps ensure the health of both mother and baby. If you have questions or concerns about the scan, it is always best to discuss it with your doctor.

Prenatal urine tests

A urine test during pregnancy is an important diagnostic tool that helps doctors monitor the health of both the mother and the fetus. Here's how the test is done and what it can tell you:

How is urinalysis performed?

Sample collection:
- Morning sample. It is often recommended to collect urine in the morning when it is more concentrated.
- Cleanliness. It is important to perform hygienic measures before collection to avoid contamination of the sample.
Container use. Urine is collected in a specially provided container that is sterile.
Transfer of the sample to the laboratory. The sample should be delivered to the laboratory as soon as possible for analysis.

What does urinalysis during pregnancy reveal?

Proteinuria. Proteinuria: The presence of proteinuria may indicate pre-eclampsia or other complications. This requires further monitoring.
Glucose. The presence of glucose may indicate gestational diabetes, in which case additional tests may be needed.
Ketones. The appearance of ketones may indicate dehydration or insufficient food intake.
White blood cell count and red blood cell count. An elevated white blood cell count may indicate a urinary infection, while the presence of red blood cells may indicate trauma or kidney disease.
urine pH and specific gravity. These indicators can help assess your overall health and kidney function.
Presence of bacteria. Assesses the presence of urinary tract infections.

What does a urinalysis tell us?

Health Monitoring. Helps to monitor the overall health of the pregnant woman, identifying possible complications.
Early detection of disease. The test can detect infections or other conditions that need attention.
Prevention of complications. Early detection can help prevent serious problems for both mother and child.

Regular urinalysis is a standard procedure during pregnancy. It allows doctors to carry out important monitoring and take action if abnormalities are detected.

Blood type and Rh factor

Blood type and Rh factor testing is an important procedure performed during pregnancy, and it has several key purposes.

How is the analysis done?

Blood collection. The test is usually done in a health care setting. A venous blood sample is taken from a woman using a standardized procedure.
Laboratory tests. The blood is sent to a laboratory where the blood type (A, B, AB or O) and Rh factor (positive or negative) are determined.
Results. The results are usually ready within a few days. They are reported to the doctor who is supervising the pregnancy.

What's the analysis?

Blood typing. Allows doctors to know a woman's blood type to ensure safety in case a blood transfusion is needed during labor or in case of complications.
Rh factor determination. It is important to identify possible Rh conflicts. If the mother is Rh-negative and the fetus is Rh-positive, this can lead to a conflict between the blood of the mother and the child. In this case, the doctor may recommend additional monitoring and treatment.
Birth planning. Knowing your blood type and Rh factor helps in planning medical intervention, if needed.
Immunization. If a woman is Rh-negative and has had a Rh-positive child, special immunization (e.g., Rho(D) immunoglobulin injection) may be required to prevent immunization in future pregnancies.

Blood type and Rh factor testing is an important step in prenatal care to help ensure the safety of mother and baby.

Chorionic villus biopsy

A chorionic villus biopsy (CVB) is a medical procedure that takes samples of chorionic villi (part of the placenta) to analyze for genetic abnormalities and other diseases in the fetus. This procedure is usually performed in the first trimester of pregnancy (from 10 to 13 weeks). Here are the basics about how it is performed and what it can tell you:

How is a chorionic villus biopsy performed?

Preparation. Before the procedure, a woman undergoes a preliminary examination. The doctor may prescribe an ultrasound to assess the state of pregnancy and the position of the placenta.
Procedure:
- Methods. There are two main methods:
  - Transcervical (through the cervix): The doctor inserts a thin tube through the vagina and cervix into the placenta.
  - Transabdominal (through the abdomen): The doctor inserts a needle through the abdomen and takes samples directly from the placenta.
- Anesthesia. The procedure is usually performed without general anesthesia, but local anesthesia may be used to reduce discomfort.
Duration. The procedure usually takes only 10-15 minutes, but sometimes it may take longer depending on the circumstances.

What's the analysis?

Genetic information. A chorionic villus biopsy can detect chromosomal abnormalities such as Down syndrome, trisomy 18, and other genetic disorders.
Information about hereditary diseases. The program may be useful if there is a history of hereditary diseases in the family.
Early this examination. Because the procedure is performed in the first trimester, results can be obtained earlier than with amniocentesis (which is usually performed in the second trimester). This gives you the opportunity to plan for further action if problems are detected.

Risks of chorionic villus biopsy

Although a chorionic villus biopsy is considered safe, like any medical procedure, it can have risks such as:

Bleeding.
Infection.
Miscarriage (approximately 1-2% risk).

A chorionic villus biopsy provides valuable information about the health of the fetus in the early stages of pregnancy. Before deciding to have the procedure, a woman should discuss all the risks and benefits with her doctor to make an informed decision.

Fetal monitoring

Fetal monitoring, often called fetal monitoring, is an important study done during pregnancy to assess the health of the fetus.

How is fetal monitoring performed?

Types of monitoring:
- Clinical and laboratory monitoring. Used in clinics to detect possible abnormalities. Indicators such as fetal heart rate (FHR) are checked.
- Indirect (informative) monitoring. Usually involves the use of external sensors to record fetal heart rate and uterine contractions.
Equipment.
- Ultrasound transducers record fetal heart rate and uterine pressure.
- Often, a non-invasive approach is used in which sensors are attached to the pregnant woman's abdomen.
Timing. Monitoring can be done at different times: at regular checkups, during labor, or when indicated if there are suspected fetal health problems.
Duration. The procedure can last from 20 minutes to several hours, depending on the condition of the pregnant woman and the fetus.

What does fetal monitoring provide?

Cardiac Assessment. Allows you to monitor the fetal heart rate and detect changes that may indicate stress or oxygen deprivation.
Monitoring uterine contractions. Helps you understand how the uterus responds to labor activity, which is important for planning your next steps.
Anomaly detection. Helps detect potential problems early, allowing you to take action in advance.
Assessment of the general condition of the fetus. Provides information about how the fetus is feeling in the womb, which may influence decisions about the timing and method of delivery.

Fetal monitoring is an important and safe procedure that helps to ensure the health of both mother and child. It helps to detect problems in time and take the necessary steps to correct them. You should always discuss the monitoring plan with your doctor to make sure everything is done correctly and safely.

Invasive tests for prenatal diagnosis

Invasive prenatal diagnostic tests are procedures that provide information about the genetic condition of the fetus. These tests can help detect chromosomal abnormalities and some genetic diseases. Here are the main types of invasive tests, their performance and benefits during pregnancy.

Types of invasive tests

Amniocentesis
- When performed. Usually performed between 15 and 20 weeks of pregnancy.
- Procedure. A specialist inserts a thin needle through the abdomen and uterus into the amniotic cavity to take a sample of amniotic fluid containing fetal cells.
- What they study. Chromosomes are studied and genetic tests can be done. This can detect abnormalities such as Down syndrome.
Chorionic biopsy (CVS)
- When performed. Usually at 10-13 weeks of pregnancy.
- Procedure. Taking chorion cells (the tissue that makes up the placenta) through the vagina or abdomen.
- What's being tested. Testing for chromosomal abnormalities and genetic diseases.
Fetoscopy
- When performed. Usually at a later term, starting at 18 weeks.
- Procedure. Inserting a fetoscope (a thin tube with a camera) into the uterus to visualize the fetus and take tissue samples.
- What is being investigated. Specialized tests for certain diseases and pathologies.

Advantages of invasive tests

Accurate results. Invasive tests provide more accurate and confident results than non-invasive tests.
Risk identification. They can help diagnose serious genetic diseases, allowing parents to make more informed decisions.
Timely intervention. If problems are identified, it may allow you to prepare for necessary medical interventions before the baby is born.

Possible risks

Risk of miscarriage. There is a small risk of miscarriage after invasive procedures (about 1-2%).
Infections. There may be a risk of infection at the needle insertion site.
Incomplete or false results. Like any medical test, invasive tests can give incomplete or false results.

Invasive prenatal diagnostic tests can provide important information about the health of the fetus, but they are associated with certain risks. It is therefore important to discuss the need for and appropriateness of these procedures carefully with your doctor, taking into account individual circumstances and risks.

Iron deficiency anemia

Iron deficiency anemia testing during pregnancy tests blood conditions to determine iron levels and other indicators that may indicate a deficiency of this important element.

How is the analysis done?

Types of analyses:
- General blood count (GBC). This is a basic test that includes determining the hemoglobin level, hematocrit, and red blood cell count.
- Ferritin test. This test helps determine the body's iron stores.
- Serum iron level. Measures the amount of iron found in the blood.
- Transferrin test. Assesses how well the body tolerates iron.
Procedure:
- The test is usually performed by taking a blood sample from a vein. The procedure is relatively quick and safe.
- It is usually recommended to take the test on an empty stomach to get more accurate results.

What's the analysis?

Anemia detection. Detects the presence of iron deficiency anemia, which is quite common among pregnant women due to the body's increased iron requirements.
Iron level assessment. Helps find out if there is enough iron to support both the mother and the developing fetus. Iron deficiency can lead to fatigue, weakness, and other problems.
Prevention of complications. Early detection and treatment of iron deficiency anemia can help avoid serious complications such as premature birth or low birth weight.
Adjustment of diet and treatment. Based on the test results, your doctor may recommend dietary changes or prescribe iron supplements.

Regular iron and blood tests are important throughout pregnancy, as maintaining normal iron levels contributes to the health of both mother and baby.

Laboratory tests. What tests are...